- 副词的误用
- 名词的误用
- 介词连词的混淆误用
- 形容词误用
- 搭配的误用
- 句法问题
- 课上的杂记
- 句子表达的简洁性
- 衔接和连贯
- 主动被动
- 改写the more , the more句式
- 非谓语动词
- 引言
- 研究方法
- 作者简介
- 某些课堂的记录
- 虚拟语气
- 强调
- 倒装
- 省略
- 摘要
- 作者简介
英语写作慕课笔记
副词的误用
then, therefore, thus, hence等是副词，不能直接连接两个分句，需要加上and。不过需要注意的是，thus经常做副词用分词短语作状语。eg: 。。。 thus obaining U.
名词的误用
名词不能修饰名词，需要用形容词。
eg:
environmental quality mathematical calculation experimental results theoretical analysis
介词连词的混淆误用
Since作为介词，意义是“自从”，没有“由于”的含义。
because后如果是名词短语，应该加上of。
Due to是介词，不能连接句子。
形容词误用
修饰动词需要用副词，不能用形容词。
哪怕是合成词，修饰动词的还是需要用副词形式，比如fully+…
修饰形容词的应该是副词。
搭配的误用
很多是固定搭配，比如quick meal， 不能是fast meal。
介词和名词的搭配错误
the voltage on the resistor (wrong) the voltage across this resistor (right)
Voltage is measured with volts(F) Voltage is measured in volts(T)
英语中用in而不是towards搭配direction。
method表示方法应该用by而不是of来表示XXX的方法。
表示比较的话，应该用the advantage of A over B。
常见的比较用法： the advantage of A over B A is more than B The superiority of A to B
provide sb with sth , or provide sth for sb.
same as 和similar to 的搭配容易混淆。
动词名词搭配错误
应该避免中文中的一些搭配习惯错误。比如improve the speed and quality就是不对的，应该increase the speed。
realize一般主语是人，主语是方法时应该用achieve.
speed不能用fast/slow，应该是high/low。
修饰对象如果是物品而不是price，则应该用cheap/expensive。
如何避免搭配错误
- 写作时应该查搭配词典，而不是汉英词典。www.freecollocation.com
- 在线英语语料库.
- 建立自己的专属语料库。filelocator pro。
句法问题
时态误用
一般使用一般现在时和一般过去时。 介绍文章用一般现在时。如果为了说明已经完成的研究，可以使用一般过去时。 在描述图表信息时应该用一般现在时。 说明试验结果时，应该用一般现在时。
语态误用
不应该过量的使用被动语态。 如果不用提及生产者，发起者等，可以考虑使用被动语态。 被动语态连接should,must等表示强制。
悬垂结构
悬垂分词作状语，主语如果不是句子的逻辑主语，则是一种错误。
避免悬垂结构，分词或者不定时做状语一定要保证主语是一致的。
如果修饰对象是人，如果可以让句子更简洁，且不会影响句子的理解，也可以不一致。但需要谨慎。
流水句式
英语的流水句式是错误的，应该用逗号加连词，或用分号，或者直接写成不同的句子，或者重新组织句子。
课上的杂记
当句子有代词时，名词在主句用，代词用于从句。 Before it can work, a computer must be told what to do.
一些名词加上ly就成了形容词，一些形容词加上ly就成了副词。
如果不同维度的形容词修饰同一个名词，可以放在一起而不用任何连词，如果同一个维度的则中间加一个and。 big red apple crispy and sweet apples 这里crispy和sweet都是说口感的 如果可能会引起歧义，那多个形容词可以用逗号分隔，同时修饰后边的名词。 如果其中一个形容词是给另一个形容词服务的，中间可以用连字符连接。
同位语可以代表前一句话 AC can be changed into DC, a process known as rectification. 如果没有逗号的，一般都是修饰前边的核心名词，但是加上逗号就不一定了。
A of B that takes…. 这里有of表示B是修饰A的，那么后边的that从句也是修饰A的。
which从句在翻译中如果没搞明白可以通通翻译成“这是。。。”。
记住，从句一般是修饰名词的，应找到其具体修饰哪个名词。
插入语，一般是副词或者介词短语，比如for example, however, generally speaking等，基本没啥重要的意思,放在开头、结尾或中间，用逗号隔开，即使去掉句子也是完整的。
用的句型： 句子，but 句子。 句子。However,句子。 but是连接词，但是however是副词，没有能力连接两个句子（用逗号，thus一样）。
如果是一些俗语，可能会引起歧义，但是大家都这样说。 All the glitters are not gold.
时态：未完成 to do ,正在做doing，已完成done。时间点就是ing（或不加表示一种事实），时间段就是have /has/had/will have -ed.
近些年他们一直在研究一种新的半导体材料。近些年是时间段，所以是have -ed.在时间内正在做，所以doing。所以是have been doing的形式。
句子表达的简洁性
名词话结构代替从句
名词化结构可以代替从句，使得句子表达更简洁。 eg：Since the internet was invented, …. = Since the invention of the internet, …
这种用法在论文写作中替代“we….”的时候很有用。
分词短语，独立主格，with结构替代从句
分词短语替代从句：
The electrons can move freely in the crystal structure, which makes it have high electrical conductivity. 改写成: The electrons can move freely in the crystal structure, contributing to its high electrical conductivity. 英美人使用从句不多，但多使用分词构成的简单句。
The system is described and this is followed by a discussion of the safety analysis methodology. 改写成: The safety system is described, followed by a discussion of the safty analysis methodology.
独立主格结构
The training network contains 8 feature extraction blocks, and each feature extraction block contains 3 extraction layers 改写：The training networks contains 8 feature extraction blocks, each containing 3 extraction layers.
with结构替代从句
The trains of A and B are 1700 meters apart. = with the trains being 1700 meters apart.
介词短语替代从句
Because it has … 改成 Due to its … because of … owing to …
还有就是省略定语从句的which is…，将从句改成介词结构。
其他方法
使用代词简化句子表达。
如果涉及到常数，可以考虑使用括号来简化句子的表达。例如：The sample was then placed into a temperature-constant (30oc) and humidity-constant (85%) box.
The accuracy of the improved model is 93.2%, higher than that of the VGG-16 network model(90.5%).
还可以使用固定短语简化句子表达。
衔接和连贯
衔接理论
- 在情景上是连贯的，由此表现出语域的一致性。
- 在语篇本体上是连贯的，所以是衔接的。
主动被动
由什么构成 —— consist of 构成了什么 comprise constitute compose make up This figure _____ two triangles. 这个图由XXX构成，其实里边有被动的含义，所以后边的四个词都需要用被动。而consist of本身就有被动含义，所以直接用就可以。
This paper makes an analysis of the research results that they obtained by a new method deifferent from traditional ones. 被动: A detailed analysis is made of the research results that they obtained by a new method different from traditional ones. 这种句式比较好，如果用results作为被动句的主语，会让句子的结构不清晰。
为了表示高达……等类似的概念，我们采用as tall as 的句式。
改写the more , the more句式
The more pressure from the Western powers, the more powerful we will eventually become. 1.找到比较结构的词，变成比较结构 If there is more presssure from the western powers, we will eventually become more powerful. 2.比较结构放到句首 The more presssure… , the more powerful…. 3.剩下的东西按顺序挪下来 The more pressure there is from the Western powers, the more powerful we will eventually become. 4.去掉there is等系动词,变成原句子。
非谓语动词
to do 表示动作没有发生 doing 表示动作已经做了或者正在做 你走的时候记得锁门 Remember to lock the door when you leave. 你记得锁门了吗？ Do you remember locking the door ?
the signals to be processed 待处理的新号 the processed signal 已被处理的信号
反射不定式：假如一个句子可以用it is … to do sth，那么就应该不用被动，比如the question is difficult to answer. === it is difficult to answer this question.
英语里的乘除法都是XXX等于XX被X相乘除。如：Voltage equals current multiplied by resistance.
引言
用于研究背景的句型：
- It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore …
- … is an important component in …
- … plays a key role in …
- … is one of the most widely used groups of …
- In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in …
- Recent developments in … have heightened the need for …
- The past thirty years have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of …
- … has received / attracted great attention …
用于提出问题的句型：
- However, a major problem with this kind of application is …
- Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of …
- However, far too little attention has been paid to …
- The research to date has tended to focus on … rather than on …
- So far, this method has only been applied to …
- Nowadays, few researchers have tried to bring … into the field of …, and researchers knew little about the advantages and disadvantages of …
用于说明研究目的句型：
- We carefully explore/describe the impact of … on … in this study.
- The aim of this study is to evalutate and validate …
- The objectives of this research are to determine whether …
- This paper will focus on/examine/give an account of …
- This paper presents our experiment results of …, and then provide suggestions about …/have suggested ways to …
用于描述文章结构的句型：
- This paper first gives a brief overview of the recent history of …
- This paper begins by …, and then goes on to …
- The first section of this paper will examine …
- Chapter 2 begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research , and then looks at how …
- Chapter 3 describes the design, synthesis characterization and evaluation of …
- The last section assesses …
研究方法
用于描述方法的句型
- In most recent studies, … is measured in four different ways.
- A variety of methods have been used to assess .. and each has its advantages and drawbacks.
- Previous approaches to .. fall into two broad categories: the first type …, and the second type …
- To date, various methods have been developed and introduced to measure …
- Different authors have approached … in a variety of ways.
- In contrast to / compared with traditional / conventional methods that …, this new method can …
### 用于提出某种方法的句型
- For this study, the … method is used / developed / proposed to explore …
- it was decided that the best method to adopt for … was to …
- The … approach has a number of attractive features: …
- To overcome this obstacle, we proposed using the … method for …
- The … method /algorithm can be applied to …/adopted to …
### 用于描述过程的句型
- to determine whether …, … was adopted / proposed/ tested to …
- to increase the reliability of these measures, the experiments were carried out …
- all the work/ evaluations/ simulations was/ were done/ carried out using …
- we applythe strategy to … case where we show its effectiveness via … analysis.
### 用于指出问题或局限性的常见句型
- it is not possible to investigate the significant relationships of … and … further because this algorithm …
- this issue will not be addressed here since further data collection is required to determine exactly how … affects …
- our method is restricted only to …/ only applicable to …
- this apporach is not good for … because it generates …
- … needs to be addressed / discussed further.
- the relation refers specifically to …, while …may be different.
- although the proposed procedure works well in practice, we must also keep in mind that…
## 研究结果与讨论
### 用于重申呀扭目的、对象、方法的常见句型
- to show / prove /demonstrate / analyze …, we studied / compared/ discussed …
- this sudy sets out with the aim of assessing the importance of … in …
- this sudy was designed to determine the effect of …
- the performances of … and … were compared in order to …
- … method /approach /algorithm was used to analyze the relationship between … and …
### 用于说明结果的常见句型
- table / figure 1 shows /provides/presents the experimental data/ results obtained from …
- as shown in Figure 1, …
- as can been seen / found from the table / graph above , …
- the table /pie chart above /below illustrates /shows …
- the results of this study / further analysis/ statistical tests/ experimental results show/ indicate /reveal that …
- we find that there is a significant correlation /difference between … and …
- compared to …, this new method was shown/ found /proved to have …
- the results agree with / are consistent with …
### 用于评述或解释结果的常见句型
- the correlation between … and … shows / proves /demonstrates …
- these differences can be explained in part by …
- A possilble explanation for this might be htat …
- this result / correlation may be explained by a number of different factors / by the fact that …
- the observed increase in … could be attributed to …
- A possible explanation for some of our results may be the lack of …
### 用于指出未来研究方向的常见句型
- this finding has important implications for developing …
- further research should be done to investigate …
- research questions that could be asked include …
- future studies on the current topic are therefore recommended as follows: …
- In future investigations, it might be possible to use a different …
## 结语
用于总结研究成果的常见句型
- in this paper we discuss … and expain …
- this paper has presented a novel system for …
- this study has investigated …
- the present study was designed to determine the effect of …
- this project was undertaken to design … and evaluate …
- this study /research has shown that …
- the results of the study show that …
表示研究意义的常见句型
- the present study make several contributions to …
- the findings in this study provide a new understanding of …
- this research will serve as a basis for furture studies of …
- these findings enhance our understanding of …
表示启示意义的常见句型
- the finding of this study suggest that …
- the results of this study indicate that …
- the results of this research support the idea that …
- an implication of this investigation is …
表示局限性的常见句型
- some limitations need to be considered. First , these data apply only to …
- several limitations to this pilot study need to be acknowledged. First, the sample size is …
- the current investigation is limited by …
- the current study has only examined …
- An issue that has not been addressed in this study is …
表示未来研究方向的常见句型
- further work needs to be done to establish …
- it is recommended that further research be undertaken in the following areas.
- further experimental investigations are needed to estimate …
- further study will mainly focus on …
- further research /future work might explore …
- further research on … would be of great help in …
- further investigation into … is strongly recommmended.
作者简介
通常采用作者姓名或者he /she，而不是用I.
- Involving college education & graduate education
- Involving speciality /major, degree, university, time ,etc.
教育背景
常见句型
- He/ she attended … university from …(year) to …(year), majoring /specializing in …
- He /She received / was awarded a /the/his/her … degree in …(speciality) from … Department at … University, city, state/province, country, in …(year).
常见学位
- B.E. 工学士
- M.E. 工硕士
- Ph.D. 博士
工作经历
- He works /acts/serves as …(position) at /in …(institution).
- He holds the position of … at /in …
- He is associated with …(institution) as …(position).
研究方向
- his /her research interests include …
- his research interests focus /concentrate on …
- he has been engaged in research in the areas of …
学术成果
- he has published … books and …papers.
- he received … award in …(eyar).
- he is the recipient of …Award.
某些课堂的记录
动名词是可以做主语的，Playing the piano is her hobby.
动名词还可以做宾语。 如：Like doing sth.
Remember to do 未发生 Remember doing 表示这个动作已经发生，类似的还有stop to do & stop doing.
作定语时，一般ed分词表示别动的意思，相反则是用ing形式。
从句有六种：定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句，其中后三种都叫做名词性从句。
同位语从句起解释的作用，相当于等号，冒号，破折号。
主语从句一般以it开头，然后接上that, 可以把that后作为主语来替代it.
Because 里边有强因果关系，而since是弱因果关系，比如你来了我们一起吃个饭吧，
虚拟语气
I suggest that he (should) quit smoking. If he had taken part in that meeting, he would have met Professor Smith. If there were no COVID19, we would have an offline exam. 非真实条件 方法：时态退一格 He took part in that meeting. He had taken part in that meeting. (比如上边第二句话) There is no COVID-19. There were no COVID-19. （参见上边第三句话）
He will quit smoking.(他的意愿) He shall quit smoking.(我的意愿)
强调
It is … that/who/which …
He ate a sandwich for lunch at school. 如果需要强调主语，则是It is he who ate a sanwich for lunch at school. 如果需要强调school,则是It is school taht he ate a sandwich for lunch. 如果是需要强调动词，则一般用助动词do ,did, does进行强调，情调后接动词原形。
倒装
全倒装
Shown in Fig.1 is a block diagram of a radio transmitter. 这句话是主语比较长，所以为了便于理解，将主语放在后边。英语一般要求头轻尾重。
部分倒装
Only when queue 0 is empty will the system execute processes in queue1. Only带一个条件开头的时候就一定要倒装。
否定词开头也需要倒装。Not never nether nor hardly rarely等，但是如果No承担形容词的功能则不是。
Not only does computer congtrol greatly increase the speed of measurement, it can increase the accuracy as well.
省略
计算机科学的教学与研究 the teaching of (这里省略了后边的computer science)and research on computer science 这里需要注意的是，我们只能省略一样的部分，但是介词如果不一样，则介词不能省略。
摘要
- 背景：建立中心议题，概括论题内容，回顾前期成果，之初研究差距，继承前期研究；
- 引言：之初研究目的，陈述当前研究，提出研究问题，假设；
- 方法：研究材料设备装置，介绍研究方法，描述研究步骤；
- 结果：陈述发现，结果观点；
- 结论：得出结论，解释并讨论结果，评价和比较，指出应用价值和启示。